Tiens What Does This French Expression Mean

Tiens, pronounced tyeh(n),  is a classic informal expression that does a lot of jobs in the French lexicon, from the polite command  Here, take this to the interjections Hey, Listen, Look and more. Literally, it means Hold, but its usage goes far beyond that. As a Polite Command The expression tiens may be short, but its long on meaning and extremely common in spoken French.  Tiens is the imperative form of the verb tenir, which means to hold. The literal meaning of tiens,  and its vous form  tenez,  is simply the  command  Hold, as when you hand something to another person and ask that person to hold it for you. For example: Tiens,  jai besoin des deux mains pour conduire.   Here [take this], I need both hands to drive. You can also use the imperative tiens  when giving someone a gift or responding to a request:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tiens, je tai achetà © des fleurs.   Here, I bought you some flowers.  Ã‚  Tu me prà ªtes ton appareil photo? Alors, tiens.   Can I borrow your camera? Here you go. As an Interjection or Filler (More Common) But tiens and tenez are even more commonly used as interjections or fillers, with essentially three different meanings:1. When you spot someone, you say  tiens or  tenez. This is equivalent to saying something along the lines of, There you are or There he is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tiens, Marie !   Marie, there you are!  Ã‚  Tiens, voilà   Pierre.   Look, theres Pierre. 2. It also functions as a  filler to draw attention to what youre about to say, roughly equivalent to saying in English, Look, See or You know.   Ã‚  Tiens, il faut que tu saches quelque chose...   Look, theres something you need to know...  Tenez, ce nest pas une bonne idà ©e.   You know, thats not a good idea. 3. It delivers a note of surprise as well, like Hey! or How about that:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tiens, je viens de trouver 10 euros !   Hey, I just found 10 euros!     Aujourdhui, jai fait aucune faute. Tiens? Today, I made not one mistake. Really? Tiens, tiens Two tiens said in quick succession is an expression that suggests surprise or something unexpected.  Tiens, tiens means well, well, oh, my, how about that or tsk, tsk.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tiens, tiens, tu es enfin arrivà ©.   Well, well, youre finally here. Homographs Homographs are two or more words that have identical spellings but different meanings, derivations or pronunciations. Such false matches can cause confusion, so beware of these. In the case of tiens,  there are two other words with the identical spelling of our expression that mean  completely different things. The expression tiens is the second person singular imperative, but another  tiens is the conjugated form of the verb tenir: the first and second person singular of the present tense (je tiens, tu tiens).  Another tiens—le tiens—is the second person singular possessive pronoun, as in:  Jai trouvà © mon livre, mais oà ¹ est le tiens  ? (I found my book, but where is yours?)

Comparison of the Explorations of Portugal, Spain and France

During the exploration of the New World Portugal, France, and Spain had one thing in common to search for new resources such as sugar, spices, and gold. The European arrival in the Americas set a new era off known as the Columbian Exchange which changed the America’s forever. Native Americans introduced the Europeans to several new crops such as corn, squash, pumpkins, and sweet potatoes. Portugal set off for a search for sea route to Asia, while in competition with Spain who was also seeking an active root to Asia as well. The French exploration occurred later after the â€Å"New World† was found, and their target was to find a Northwest Passage where they hoped for a route through North America to the pacific. Portugal’s explorations of the Africa brought wealth and power for Prince Henry. It was not enough for him, so he was looking for more opportunities, especially to trade with India. His main goal was to find a sea route that connected to Asia. When Manuel took the throne, he organized a large expedition to India. After 22 days of sailing the crew landed Portugal reached their goal; they had found their long sought water route. I feel that without the advanced technology that Portugal utilized that no such route would have been found and they would have not been able to gain essential resources needed for their country to thrive. During the same time as Portugal’s expansion Spain was also seeking a passage from Spain across the Atlantic to Asia. A man fromShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus Vs Native America Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagespresent day, humans have obtained countless achievements for not being around for very long compared to other species. Christopher Columbus, unknowingly, discovered a whole new world and started the exploration of the Americas for everyone to come in the future. He opened the gate for the exploration of the Spanish, French, and English in the New World. 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The End of Osama bin Laden Free Essays

Ever since the twin towers of World Trade Center collapsed in New York on September 11, 2001, United States of America was hot on the heels of Osama bin Laden, the founder and main source of inspiration of al-Qaida, the organization accused of carrying out that heinous attack. Osama was considered as the fountainhead of all terrorist activities across the world and western powers were sparing no efforts to track this elusive leader. There were numerous reports of sightings of bin Laden but catching up on the world’s most notorious fugitive was becoming almost impossible. We will write a custom essay sample on The End of Osama bin Laden or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, for quite some time, sightings of bin Laden had become a joke, almost similar to the sightings of UFOs (Schabner, 2011). But on May 1, 2011, nearly a full decade after the dastardly destruction of twin towers, the President of United States of America declared that bin Laden was located in a fortress like house in Abbottabad, a garrison town in Pakistan, and killed in a commando operation. This operation had all the makings of a movie thriller and seemed fascinating in its use of latest technology and show of extreme personal courage by the commandos. The whole operation was carried out by US personnel without any help from their Pakistani counterparts and it was sheer cutting edge technology that hid their helicopters from the prying eyes of Pakistani radars. Pakistan military did not have the slightest inkling that US helicopters had violated their airspace and had ventured deep in their territory, picked out their target and decamped with his dead body. One of the helicopters malfunctioned during the operation and the commandos blew it up to prevent it from falling in Chinese hands. China, incidentally, is possibly the best friend of Pakistan which is gradually becoming isolated from world community because of its persistent dalliance with international terrorism and using it as a state policy against its neighbors (Schabner, 2011). US President went to extent of lauding this incident as justice finally being meted out to a criminal and to prevent any possibilities of his burial site turning into some sort of pilgrimage site for his followers, his body was summarily buried in deep sea with the world having no idea as to where exactly such burial was done. After the initial elation is over, the entire incident throws up certain rather unusual questions. The first of course is how Osama could hide in a garrison town without explicit knowledge of Pakistani army. The second and possibly even more disturbing question that surfaces to the mind is when US President’s public approval was at its lowest, some sort of gimmick was absolutely necessary to halt the downward slide, especially as he is due to begin his campaign for reelection very soon (Schabner, 2011). So, was it a case of extreme valor on the part US commandos and daring use of cutting edge technology, or was it a case of quid pro quo with Pakistani military establishment that handed over Obama in exchange of some as yet undisclosed benefit? This is the question that seems to bother many people around the world, since if such an apprehension is proved correct, it would be another example of US hypocrisy and extreme shortsightedness which it has exhibited time and again in world history and caused numerous crises across the world in foreign shores. Osama bin Laden eliminated: justice done When US President Barack Obama came on television on May 1, 2011 and declared justice has finally been done by eliminating Osama bin Laden in some far off garrison town in Pakistan, the world for an instant felt a surge of joy and relief at the destruction of that epitome of ruthless jihadist terrorism that took so many innocent lives and maimed numerous more unsuspecting peace loving citizens across the world. Really, the world felt that finally the long arm the law in a rather unique form had caught up with that man who ridiculed and taunted all tenets of civilized norms and killed people at will all in the name of some ill defined religious cause. The gory photos of collapsing twin towers of New York on out television screens further added to our relief at the death of the prime culprit who unleashed mayhem and senseless destruction without the slightest feeling of remorse or guilt. Scenes of jubilant public bathed in the all consuming wave of instant patriotism thronging the gates of White House further bolstered the super power image of United States of America and American citizens all over the world felt relived and secure at the thought that now nobody can cause them any harm in any corner of the world as Uncle Sam would be everywhere to protect them from any sort of trouble or discomfort (Schabner, 2011). One question however repeatedly keeps disturbing the mind. Why did the US Administration release a photo of the dead body of bin Laden and why did they bury his body in deep seas in almost a hypochondriac haste? US Administration is of course ready with an explanation of their queer behavior. They did not release the photograph of bin Laden as that was too gory and they buried him in deep sea to prevent his burial site from becoming a pilgrimage site for his followers as has happened in the case of Saddam Hussein, the deposed and dead President of Iraq (Schabner, 2011). It cannot be denied that these explanations have their merit, but the world has seen genuinely gory war photographs before and it would have done no real harm in seeing one more such photograph. And, the US could have flown the dead body of bin Laden in United States, at least for a private viewing of the top brass of US military. That would have permanently laid to rest all speculations that seemed to float around about the veracity of the operation and combat. However, the most disturbing issue that comes up is whether it was genuine effort by intelligence agencies of United States and a case of extreme courage by its commandos or it was some sort of trade off that US Administration had entered into with Pakistan. Obama needed some sort of a magic to revive his steadily flagging popularity graph as he is about to commence his reelection campaign within few months. Killing Osama bin Laden provided that perfect magic that he was so desperately looking for and he could pull it off by making a deal with Pakistani military which handed Osama bin Laden to US in return for some undisclosed booty. If this has actually been the case then United States has actually boosted international terrorism instead of eradicating it substantially (Schabner, 2011). Osama bin Laden killed in a daring commando raid by US May 1, 2011 will surely be marked as a watershed day not only in the history of United States but also the whole world. It was on this day that terror mastermind Osama bin Laden was eliminated by commandos of United States military. The world heaved a sigh of relief not only at the news that bin Laden would no longer be able to implement his nefarious plans of inflicting death and destruction on innocent civilian population across the world, but also in seeing the reaffirmation of the age old adage that good always wins over evil. This reaffirmation bolstered the sagging morale of millions of people across the world who had been hapless victims of mindless destruction unleashed by Osama and his henchmen. They once again raised their heads in firm conviction that evil, however venomous it might be, can never win over ood (Schabner, 2011).. Barack Obama, President of United States, could rightly have soaked in vicarious glory and valor of his commandos and could have strode the podium like a victorious Roman Emperor as he returned from a conquest with the head of the fallen king held high on a pike. But Obama did nothing of that and showed remarkable control and composure on such a momentous occasion and he deserv ed full throated praise for it (Schabner, 2011). But several nagging issues fail to leave the mind. The first, quite obviously, is why did the US military not release a photograph of slain Osama bin Laden? The argument put forward by US that the photograph would have too gory really does not hold water as only a couple of years back Sri Lankan military displayed the body of slain guerilla leader Prabhakaran with his head barely attached to his shoulder and that of his son with his head partially blown off. It was a commando raid, not a tea party, and such gore and blood is an integral part of such raids. So, the reluctance to publish any photograph of bin Laden raises a couple of other prickly questions too. The first among those is, did Osama get killed in that commando raid or was he handed over by his protectors, the military establishment of Pakistan, to the US forces in return for some undisclosed booty? The suspicion becomes stronger at conflicting details that kept on emanating from US Administration about the exact nature of combat that floored Osama. Initially it was said that he offered stiff resistance which was gradually changed to he was completely unarmed and could hardly find time to offer any sort of resistance. US Administration tried to save its face by saying that it was deliberately spreading confusing and conflicting information to baffle the enemy and it is a common ploy in times of war (Schabner, 2011).. But what enemy are these people talking about? Here was a man accompanied by a couple of his wives, children and grandchildren living in a mansion that did not have any modern means of communication and that man has been killed. So, how enemies of United States would be kept at bay by spreading confusing information on the degree of resistance this man had put up before his death genuinely belies comprehension. How to cite The End of Osama bin Laden, Papers

Routine Molecular Evaluation of Pathogen - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Routine Molecular Evaluation of Pathogen Clusters. Answer: Introduction: The field of health care field is one of the most dynamic sectors that continue to experience fast growth rates day after day. To navigate through this dynamism, well-educated individuals with high skill levels are needed. Hendershot (2011) contends that this is what is needed to manage healthcare facilities. Working in healthcare management gives ample opportunities for professionals who seek a career in a fast-paced sector as pointed out by Raymond (2016).Infection control management refers to a set of structures and systems which an organization or health facility put in place to protect and ensure quality care services are delivered to the patient (Raymond, 2016).Infection Control Management in health and disability services is a framework that seeks to ensure quality and consistently facilitate safe health and disability services.It seeks to identify practices designed to minimize infection rates in the health and disability sector. According to Allegranzi et al., (2011), infect ion control management sector needs to be thoroughly polished for effective control.All health workers should take responsibility for infection prevention and control, an aspect that adopts infection control management to prevent cross transmission from recognized and unrecognized sources of infection as pointed out by Riley (2017). Integral to managing population health, many health facilities are employing non-medicalstrategies to make communities healthier and at the lowest cost. Knoer (2017) denotes that it is achieved by partnering with community governments to improve neighborhood workability, make outdoor physical activities more accessible, promote healthy diets, eliminate smoking, and ensure access to medical and mental health services. According to Zingg et al (2015) health facilities vary in complexity, to size and the degree of risks associated with the services provide- these are all factors that determine how a health facility is programmed. In a 500 bed hospital setting, Mutters et al. (2017)denotes that the facility needs to be well-sized. Therefore, the infection control management program is designed to ensure that all rooms within the setting run concurrently to minimize the chances of any infection occurrence either to the patients or the care givers. A 500 bed setting requires effective strategies that will help in managing risk of infection using a clearly defined procedure as stipulated in the infection control program. According to the standard, Riley (2017) denotes that every room with beds should be monitored in terms of the size and space available in the facility considering the kind of infection that may occur. Within a 500 bed setting, the management practices adopted in the setting should be aimed at minimizing infection according to Raymond (2016). As per the standard, the strategies to be adopted should include; Routine cleaning of the rooms with the most preferred detergent that reduces the survival of microorganisms that might lead to infection. Thorough disinfection of the surfaces to kill the microorganisms like bacteria hence minimizing infection and development of other infections. Routine washing of the beddings. Wearing personal protection by the facility staff concerned with the cleaning of the rooms and washing of the beddings to avoid cross-contamination from the patients. According to Henny and Gunther (2017), the major area covered in infection control management include cleanliness of accountability as well as clearly defined and documented infection prevention control {IPC} program. Personnel involved in infection control should have access to ample resources to facilitate them in carrying out their responsibilities. Dedefo et al. (2016) denotes that these include safe storage for work records, ample working spaceand access to resources like current infection control text, journal, personnel, database, library; sufficient working time to avoid erroneous mistakes and a reliable information technology and audit officer to ensure the records are in check and up-to-date.The framework for infection prevention and control is stipulated by a committee that comprises of members from different departments within the health facility. The program should be followed to the latter by all infection control personnel within the health facility. According to Lee et al. (2011), the key stakeholders play a big role in the management infection control within the 500 bed setting to ensure patient safety. Best results are always felt when work is done in harmony and therefore in infection control management especially in the 500 bed hospital setting which is a big facility needs team work among the staff. Team work makes work easier because the only requirement is good communication amongst the team members so that whatever infection control needed to be done happens at the same time according to the program and the team leaders ensure that it is done perfectly without errors (Panchalingam Levine, 2016). Infection control Preventionist is a professional who possess a comprehensive set of skills requisite for investigation, prevention and management of the spread of infections within healthcare centers as pointed out by Reidy et al. (2015). Their expertise and skills in clinical work helps improving patient outcomes and curb any emerging infection cases in the health facility. Any individual with primary professional training in microbiology, epidemiology, or other related field can work as an Infection Preventionist. Liddell, A, Rollin (2016)also denotes that Infection Preventionist must have qualifications with regards to the requisite, training, experience and educationand must have the relevant certification. The bare minimum for an Infection Preventionist is part-time engagement at the health facility. The individual must have completed specialized training in infection prevention and control. The import of this is that a nurse already employed in a healthcare facility qualifies to assume the role of Infection Preventionist although additional training is an added advantage. Any other personnel with relevant training can work as an Infection Preventionist.Working in this area enableshealthcare professionals to access varied clinical and managerial experiences owing to the fact that it entails collaborating with professional from diverse training backgrounds. This helps to forge working relationships across different disciplines. According to Knoer (2017) control prevention supports healthcare activities and therefore must be applied at all times in the healthcare provision setting. The anticipated level of exposure to blood and other body fluids and the level of interaction between healthcare giver and patient determinethe application of Control Prevention. To consistently revise infection control policies and programs to ensure they are up to date. To ensure they are understood, and adhered to by all parties involved in the provision of health care. The effectiveness of policies is subject to thorough understanding by the staff members. Any staff training that has a direct impact on theinfection prevention and control is the responsibility of the Infection Preventionist. He/she ensures that staff is well versed with policies regarding resident immunizations particularly pneumococcol diseases and influenza and that they adhere to the guidelines. The Infection Preventionist must work in collaboration with theresidents representative to see to nit that the nursing staff is informed on previously administered immunizations and those that the residents might be in need of. The Infection Preventionist must also document all incidents regarding infections. Ensure a system is in place to document incidents. He/she should apart from documentation, further undertake to identify infection trends by applying root cause analysis sustainable corrective actions. Monitoring the antibiotic use by patient is another key responsibity of Infection Preventionists (IP). They must planfor the antibiotic stewardship program and start trending. Having sufficient information on the facility on the current antibiotic trends is vital for the IP too. This places them at a position where they can supervise the antibiotic stewardship program and continuously making improvement to the system in place to monitor and evaluate the antibiotic use by the patients. IPs must train on infection control. From the basics of infection prevention which encompasses hand hygiene and food handling to infection controlwhich includesisolation procedures, the training should take place on a continuous basis to ensure staffs are ready for incidents all the time. IPs must take active part the formulation of local and national policies, procedures and campaigns that are relevant to standard infection control precautions. Subsequent to this, the IP should discuss with the facility leadership and report on infection control and prevention measures, trends, and issues in the facility as part of the training process. The IP ensures that the stipulatedprinciples of standard infection control are observed by thecare givers, patients and residents, and visitors and other staff in the facility. There are categories of patients whose management can be a challenge for the infection prevention and control. These are children or even adults who are living with disabilities and have to rely on invasive invasive devices such as tracheostomies central lines, dialysis catheters,gastrostomy tubes on a long term basis. Kawakami and Misao (2014) point out that this is category of patients have increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, they are considered to be in need of primary healthcare by family members, an aspect that becomes a challenge because of the increased chances of multiple infections. The Concept of Clinical Governance According Pirkis (2017), clinical governance is a framework that guides the National Health Services facilities to ensure accountability and commits them to continuously undertake to improve the quality of services they offer to patients hence creating an environment that promotes clinical excellence. It focuses on the centrality of the patient welfare and advocates a multidisciplinary approach in developing effective healthcare systems. This commits the healthcare providers to ensure they minimize risks in the workplace both for the patients and for staff. These provide a guideline for healthcare providers to then develop their own criteria and standards that adhere to clinical governance as outlined by Richards (2016) in the article infection control; taking the lead.Clinical governance has got various components that are kept in practice by involved parties and they include; This concerns risk minimization. It involves identify the potential sources of risks to the patient during care and understanding the factors involved. Additionally, it includes evaluating the risk situations and adverse events and learning lessons from such incidents to inform future actions in a bid to ensure a recurrence is prevented and the risks minimized. Clinical audit is a means of measuring the quality of work done by healthcare providers. These include nurses, doctors, medical lab personnel and others. They can measure their performance against the set standards and determine the quality of their services. The results of the audit should inspire change appropriately in the areas of weaknesses identified. Further clinical audits should be done to assess the effects of the changes made. It is vital that staff mandated to provide patient care possess the knowledge and skills relevant to the delivery of services to the patients. That being a fundamental requirement, it is important that opportunities are provided for staff to bring their skill and knowledge at par with the emerging developments in the healthcare provision sector. Evidence-based care and effectiveness Care for patients should be based on good quality evidence from research by the healthcare staff. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) spells out national guidelines which regulate healthcare provision, the promotion of good health and provide a framework for the prevention and treatment of ill health hence providing the best care for the patients. Given that the ultimate goal for the health care facility is provision of healthcare of the highest quality, it is imperative that the approach to healthcare provision is consultative and done with sufficient collaboration between staff and patients as the consumers of the services. According to Zador(2011) this means that healthcare providers must be involved in policy planning and implementation in order for them to understand the needs and concerns of patients as the consumers of their services. Care giver councils are one avenue for care givers to gain knowledge on patient views and concerns. Health facility management also monitors the patients views through the Patient Services Department which receives complaintsand compliments from the clients (patients) and works in liaison with the Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS). Staffing and staff management The significance of staffing and staff management to the achievement of the objective of providing high quality care in a health care facility is paramount. Having staff with the requisite skills and having them work in an efficient team with proper support systems ensures that the services they provide are the best. Clinical governance is very important in infection control and prevention in that there will be accountability in the case an outbreak of multiple infections as a result of cross transmission within a health facility and therefore measures will be taken as soon as possible to curb the situation. According to Clarke, Harcourt, and Flynn, M (2013), good clinical governance is whereeveryone who passes through health system is well cared for since the system enables the staff to work in the best possible way. The staffs are thus able to perform to the highest possible standards. Therefore, for clinical governance to be successful, Brown, Crawford, and Mullany (2015) denote that clear lines outlining responsibilities and accountability must be drawn if an effective program for quality improvement is to be realized. There should also be clear policies aimed at managing any health risk as well as proper procedures to identify and remedy poor performance. The negative/bad aspect of clinical governance in relation to infection control management of health and disability service standards is evident when the patients receive unsatisfactory services from the staffs: this happens when staff fail to pay attention to the basic principles of infection control and as a result, patients safety is not given first priority according to Stoto and Smith (2016). References Brown, B., Crawford, P., Mullany, L (2015).Clinical governmentality: a critical linguistic perspective on clinical governance in health care organisations',Journal Of Applied Linguistics, 2, 3, pp. 299-324. Clarke, C., Harcourt, M., Flynn, M (2013).Clinical Governance, Performance Appraisal and Interactional and Procedural Fairness at a New Zealand Public Hospital',Journal Of Business Ethics, 117, 3, pp. 667-678. Dedefo, M., Zelalem, D., Eskinder, B., Assefa, N., Ashenafi, W., Baraki, N., DamenaTesfatsion, M, Oljira, L, Haile, A (2016).Causes of Death among Children Aged 5 to 14 Years Old from 2008 to 2013 in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kersa HDSS), Ethiopia',Plos ONE, 11, 6, pp. 1-11. Hendershot, E (2011). An Infection Control Program for a 2009 Influenza A H1N1 Outbreak in a University-Based Summer Camp',Journal Of American College Health, 59, 5, pp. 419-426, Henny, N, Gunther, F (2017).Improvement of infection control management by routine molecular evaluation of pathogen clusters',Diagnostic Microbiology Infectious Disease, 88, 1, pp. 82-87. Kawakami, K, Misao, H (2014).Framework for controlling infection through isolation precautions in Japan',Nursing Health Sciences, 16, 1, pp. 31-38. Knoer, S. J (2017). Population Health Management: Improving the Community to Heal the Patient. American Journal Of Health-System Pharmacy, 74(2), 30-32. Lee, B., Wettstein, Z., McGlone, S., Bailey, R., Umscheid, C., Smith, K, Muder, R (2011).Economic value of norovirus outbreak control measures in healthcare settings',Clinical Microbiology Infection, 17, 4, pp. 640-646, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 April 2017. Liddell, A, Rollin, P (2016).Addressing Infection Prevention and Control in the First U.S. Community Hospital to Care for Patients With Ebola Virus Disease: Context for national Recommendations and Future Strategies',Annals Of Internal Medicine, 165, 1, pp. 41-49, Mortensen, H., Alexander, J., Nehrenz, G, Porter, C (2013).Infection control professionals' information-seeking preferences',Health Information Libraries Journal, 30, 1, pp. 23-34, Mutters, N. T., Heeg, K., Spth, I., Henny, N., Gnther, F (2017).Improvement of infection control management by routine molecular evaluation of pathogen clusters. Diagnostic Microbiology Infectious Disease, 88(1), 82-87. Panchalingam, S, Levine, M (2016).Epidemiology, Seasonality and Factors Associated with Rotavirus Infection among Children with Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Rural Western Kenya, 20082012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)',Plos ONE, 11, 8, pp. 1-17, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 April 2017. Pirkis, J (2017). Implementing a Primary Mental Health Service for Children: Administrator and Provider Perspectives',Journal Of Child Family Studies, 26, 2, pp. 497-510. Raymond, L (2016). Importance of preventative hand hygiene practices in community nursing wound management. Australian Nursing Midwifery Journal, 24(2), 32. Reidy, M., Ryan, F., Hogan, D., Lacey, S, Buckley, C (2015).Preparedness of Hospitals in the Republic of Ireland for an Influenza Pandemic, an Infection Control Perspective',BMC Public Health, 15, 1, pp. 1-9. Riley, L, Y (2017). Antimicrobial-resistant infections among postpartum women at a Ugandan referral hospital',Plos ONE, 12, 4, pp. 1-13. Zador, D (2011). Injectable opiate maintenance in the UK: is it good clinical practice?',Addiction, 96, 4, pp. 547-553.